A Brief Guide to Byzantine Icons

Eikona is a Greek term for Icons. The four subjects shown in Byzantine Icons are God, Jesus Christ, Virgin Mother, and the Saints and Martyrs. Byzantine refers to the Byzantine Empire where representations became an essential element of the Orthodox Faith.They are illustrated in vibrant colors and frequently gold tinted backgrounds. The intention of Byzantine art was the veneration of God, and Jesus. Icon creates an admiration in worship and serves as an existential link to God.The Second Commandment relates to what God is not an idol and about idolatry. It teaches us about worshipping things that are not God. Idolatry is something that takes the place of God as the center of our lives. Anything that is greater than God in our precedence can be considered as an idol.The Second Commandment says that we are not to make idols for ourselves, not to put anything other than God in the center of our lives. It situates that we should not build or adore any idols. The consequences are not goo d because the punishment for disregarding this Commandment is retribution for generations. But to those who comply with the Commandment is rewarded for a thousand generations.Byzantine Icons exemplify an exceptional cultural victory. It uses Greek philosophical class and thoughts. European religious art generally represent a specific person or religious occasion. Each piece presents symbolism local to that religious party.They attempt to revolutionize the ancient legacy from within and in radiance of the Gospel, bringing about the missionary mission of Christianizing their direct cultural background. The synthesis of Christianity within the Byzantine tradition has become a classic and significant for the whole history of the Church.As justification that Byzantine Icons or art is not an idol, they are regarded as wonders functioning to present spiritual and secular blessings. They are respected as instruments of phenomenal intervention. They give courage and strength in a world full of misfortune and suffering. They grant joy because Icons remind us that we are sincerely loved by God.ReferencePW de Ruyter. (2007 May 12). What are Byzantine Icons? The Visual and Spiritual Treasures of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Retrieved November 22, 2008, form http://www.iconsexplained.com/iec/byz_about_byzantine_icons.htmByzantine Sacred Art. (2008). Byzantine Icons. Retrieved November 22, 2008, from http://www.byzantinesacredart.com/byzantine-icons.html

Nationalism Is a Modern Form of Consciousness

A few weeks ago the topic of nationalism was presented to me. So I asked myself â€Å"What is nationalism? † and â€Å"How did it come about? † This led me to an essay stating that â€Å"Nationalism is a modern form of consciousness (Greenfeld 2006: 64-92). † It went on to say that â€Å"Nationalism is the constitutive element of modernity and it provides the foundational form of consciousness in all societies defined as nations (Greenfeld 1992: 3-26). † With this brief insight on nationalism I wrote this paper. This essay will discuss the proposed question ‘Nationalism is a modern form of consciousness.What role(s) do you think that this form of consciousness play(s) in the identity of Caribbean people? Do you think that this modern form of consciousness contributes to the motivation of Caribbean people? ’ But before we talk about nationalism in the Caribbean we must take into consideration the history of the Caribbean in order to identify th e role that this form of consciousness plays in the identity of Caribbean people. While growing up, I can vividly remember my primary school teacher, Mrs Khan, stating that â€Å"The Caribbean is a group of small islands encircled by the Caribbean Sea†.That same afternoon I asked my mother about the small islands makes up the Caribbean and how far are they from Trinidad. She told me that â€Å"The Caribbean is made up of countries such as Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Island (BVI), Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Montserrat, St Christopher & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines and the republic of Trinidad and Tobago and that they share a common history.It is enriched with variety of cultures, religion and dialects, which were mixed and created new forms such French Patois; that’s why the Caribbean is comprises of such rich diversity. † This information encouraged me to dig deeper and find out more about nationalism and to my astonishment I realised that there are multiple perceptions on the theory of nationalism. These perceptions varied because of the overall modifications in life and the roles that different persons took on the idea of nationalism.Nationalism, a modern form of consciousness, emerged in the sixteenth century after the War of Rose in England (Greenfeld 1992: 3-87). This war resulted in the annihilation of the aristocracy creation a void at the top of the social pyramid which needed to be filled thus a new aristocracy. This new aristocracy was comprised of talented and educated individuals of the lower social strata. Although I had all these information the question still remained â€Å"What is nationalism and how it related to the Caribbean? Ernest Gellner (1964) stated that nationalism â€Å"invents nations where they do not exist even if it helps to have some pre-existing cultural traits. † He went on to say that the nation has become a sociologica l necessity for modern, industrial society. This form of modernisation eats away traditional society and its role relationships, uprooting and mobilising the peasants and swelling the cities. These urbanised peasants and workers who experience discrimination formed a new nation of their own and consequently, nationalism generates new nations. Now I’m faced with a new question â€Å"What is a nation? According to dictionary reference a nation is â€Å"a large body of people, associated with a particular territory, that is sufficiently conscious of its unity to seek or to possess a government peculiarly its own. † Eric Hobsbawm (1994) viewed the nation as an invented tradition. He argued that in order to understand the concept of nationalism this invented tradition must be explored. Furthermore, she understood that the fundamental part of nationalism is the nation. The perception of nationalism deals with the creation of consciousness of human mind, shared beliefs, popu lar sovereignty and equality.This then led me to think that nationalism has play role in the Caribbean identity. When discussing the historical background of the Caribbean you should know the difference between individualistic nationalism and collectivism. Before the 19th century, most of the Caribbean islands were colonized by the European Union such as Great Britain, France, Spain and Portugal to a lesser extent. The enslaved individuals of these colonies fought against the whites for improved working conditions among others.This is one of the examples whereby enslaves individuals felt that mental consciousness. Together they saw they needed a better life and so showed resistance. After the emancipation of slavery and countries obtaining their independence the beginning of nationalism has been felt greatly by countries. For example, in my birth country, Trinidad and Tobago, a French Creole, Andrew Arthur Cipriani, , was responsible for the beginning of national consciousness. He w as responsible for the formation of the Workingmen’s Association, now called Trinidad Labor Party.The party’s motto â€Å"Agitate, Educate, Confederate† motivated individuals to overthrow the Euro-British Colonialism which appealed to their sovereignty. Now there is a place called Cipriani Boulevard in honour of Andrew Arthur Cipriani contribution in Trinidad and Tobago nationalism. Additionally, many countries migrated to foreign investment for economical stability to maintain their nation shows that this form of modern consciousness has been developed. A contribution of nationalism that is currently growing throughout the Caribbean is loyalty.People are becoming more and more devoted to their individual countries which are seen especially around independence time. For instance, in Grenada most buildings are decorated in their national colours and children are being educated about the history of Grenada. This gives them a sense of who they are as a country. Bef ore, people of various countries would wear their flags in an unmannerly fashion and no one would say anything but now they wear it with pride. This modern form of consciousness also brought about by the political directorate and the trade unions. Individuals such as Dr.Eric Williams of Trinidad and Tobago, T. A. Marryshow of Grenada and Jacob of Guyana are but a few who promoted self-reliance and walking together for the betterment of each other and it played a profound role in Caribbean identity. Some of the things within the Caribbean that contribute to the identity of the Caribbean people are education, sports, CARICOM/ CSME and the CCJ. In education there are areas such as University of the West Indies (UWI) and Caribbean Examination Council (CXC) which contributed to the Caribbean identity and who we are today. In sports there are areas such as cricket.The West Indies cricket whether they are winning or losing is a major factor that influenced Caribbean identity. Dr. Hon Denzi l Douglas the Prime Minister and St. Kitt’s and Nevis stated that , the West Indies cricket team removed the Caribbean from the clutches of colonialism and that is the real form of nationalism Nationalism, a modern form of consciousness, has contributed to the motivation of the Caribbean people. For instance, after the abolition of slavery ex-slaves educated themselves to the highest level possible as well as their children because they did not want them to be like them.Many times I questioned why it is my parents are pushing us to attain the highest possible educational level and now after reading and researching for this paper I see the importance of an education. They also were motivated to cease free labour and to acquire better paying jobs so that they can provide for their families. I concur that nationalism played an important role in the shaping of the people of the Caribbean. The Caribbean people rebelled against their oppressions for betterment. Thus, it can be said that nationalism a modern form of consciousness did play apart in the development of Caribbean countries identity.Bibliography Gellner, E. (1964). Nationalism. Greenfeld, L. (1992). Nationalism as the Cultural Foundation of Modern experience. 3-87. Greenfeld, L. (1992). Nationalism as the cultural foundation of modern experience . 3-26. Greenfeld, L. , & Malczewski, E. (2006). Nationalism as the cultural foundation of modern experience . 64-92. Hobsbawm, E. (1994). Nationalism. References Nation. (n. d. ). Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved March 18, 2013, from Dictionary. com website: http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/nation

Maceda and Recto Law Essay

These two laws are relevant and are very often the issue of many court cases. Both laws govern the sale of property by installments. The Recto Law, which forms part of the Civil Code, covers installment sales of personal property while the Maceda Law governs installment sales of real property. The Recto Law The Recto Law comprises Articles 1484 to 1486 of the Civil Code. It was added to the Civil Code to prevent abuses in the foreclosure of chattel mortgages, such as when mortgagee-creditors foreclosed mortgaged property, bought them at a low price (on purpose,) then prosecuted the mortgagor-debtors to recover the deficiencies. In the event a buyer of personal property defaults by failing to pay two or more of the agreed installments, the seller can do any of the following: 1.) Demand that the buyer pay (a.k.a. specific performance) 2.) Cancel or rescind the sale 3.) Foreclose the mortgage on the property bought (if there ever was a chattel mortgage) Regarding no. 3, this happens when a person takes a loan to buy something and he mortgages the thing he bought to ensure the creditor that he will pay the loan. Remember: If you choose one remedy, you can’t choose the others. These remedies, believe it or not, are also available to the buyer. You also can’t use all or any of them at the same time. The Recto Law also won’t apply to a straight sale (i.e. a sale where there is a downpayment and the balance is payable in the future in a single payment only.) The seller can also assign his credit to another person, making that person the new creditor. If the buyer refuses to surrender the items to the seller, he becomes a perverse buyer-mortgagor. When that happens, the seller can recover expenses and attorney’s fees. The Recto Law also covers leases with the option to purchase. The Maceda Law The Maceda Law, RA 6552, is the real estate equivalent of the Recto Law. Like the Recto Law, it also covers financing of sales of real property (which is why mortgages also come in.) It doesn’t apply,however, to the following sales: 1.) Industrial lots 2.) Commercial buildings and lots 3.) Lands under the CARP Law Depending on when the buyer defaults, there are two (2) possible scenarios: if the buyer paid at least two (2) years’ installments and if the buyer paid less than 2 years’ installments. If the buyer paid less than 2 years’ installments and defaults, he is given a grace period of sixty (60) days starting from the date of his last installment to resume paying. This period can be increased by the seller. If after the grace period the buyer still can’t pay, the seller must make a notarial demand to cancel the sale. The cancellation becomes effective thirty (30) days after the buyer was notified. So it’s possible that the buyer could be notified two months after the 60-day period and then the 30-day period will begin. If the buyer paid at least two years’ installments, the buyer can pay the unpaid balance without interest. The grace period is computed at one (1) month per year of installment payments. It also begins from the time the buyer paid his last installment. The grace period can be used only once every five (5) years of the sales contract’s life -including its extensions. So it’s possible to have a grace period of a year if the buyer had been  paying his installments faithfully for 12 years. Once the buyer chooses to use the grace period, he can’t get it again until another five years are over. If the seller wants to cancel the sale, he has to refund the buyer of 50% of the actual payments. If the buyer paid more than five years’ installments another 5% for every year is to be added to the refund, but only up to 90% of the total payments made. The payments mentioned here include the downpayment, options and deposits. The refund is made in this way: if the buyer paid more 2 to 5 years’ installments, he can get back 50% of the cash surrender value. If he paid for more than 5 years, he can get the 50% plus 5% per year up to 90%. The buyer is also allowed to make advanced payments, or even the full price, without interest. He can also assign his rights to another person, making that person the new buyer, but he can only do that with a notarial deed of sale assignment. The Maceda Law cannot be used by a real estate developer (see here.) It also cannot be used by the highest bidder in foreclosure proceedings. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6552 REALTY INSTALLMENT BUYER PROTECTION ACT AN ACT TO PROVIDE PROTECTION TO BUYERS OF REAL ESTATE ON INSTALLMENT PAYMENTS Section 1. This Act shall be known as the â€Å"Realty Installment Buyer Act.† Sec. 2. It is hereby declared a public policy to protect buyers of real estate on installment payments against onerous and oppressive conditions. Sec. 3. In all transactions or contracts involving the sale or financing of real estate on installment payments, including residential condominium apartments but excluding industrial lots, commercial buildings and sales to tenants under Republic Act Numbered Thirty-eight hundred forty-four, as amended by Republic Act Numbered Sixty-three hundred eighty-nine, where the buyer has paid at least two years of installments, the buyer is entitled to the following rights in case he defaults in the payment of succeeding installments: (a) To pay, without additional interest, the unpaid  installments due within the total grace period earned by him which is hereby fixed at the rate of one month grace period for every one year of installment payments made: Provided, That this right shall be exercised by the buyer only once in every five years of the life of the contract and its extensions, if any. (b) If the contract is cancelled, the seller shall refund to the buyer the cash surrender value of the payments on the property equivalent to fifty per cent of the total payments made, and, after five years of installments, an additional five per cent every year but not to exceed ninety per cent of the total payments made: Provided, That the actual cancellation of the contract shall take place after thirty days from receipt by the buyer of the notice of cancellation or the demand for rescission of the contract by a notarial act and upon full payment of the cash surrender value to the buyer. Down payments, deposits or options on the contract shall be included in the computation of the total number of installment payments made. Sec. 4. In case where less than two years of installments were paid, the seller shall give the buyer a grace period of not less than sixty days from the date the installment became due. If the buyer fails to pay the installments due at the expiration of the grace period, the seller may cancel the contract after thirty days from receipt by the buyer of the notice of cancellation or the demand for rescission of the contract by a notarial act. Sec.   5. Under Section 3 and 4, the buyer shall have the right to sell his rights or assign the same to another person or to reinstate the contract by updating the account during the grace period and before actual cancellation of the contract. The deed of sale or assignment shall be done by notarial act. Sec.  6. The buyer shall have the right to pay in advance any installment or the full unpaid balance of the purchase price any time without interest and to have such full payment of the purchase price annotated in the certificate of title covering the property. Sec. 7. Any stipulation in any contract hereafter entered into contrary to the provisions of Sections 3, 4, 5 and 6, shall be null and void. Sec. 8. If any provision of this Act is held invalid or unconstitutional, no other provision shall be affected thereby. Sec. 9. This Act shall take effect upon its approval. Approved: August 26, 1972 Source: http://www.foreclosurephilippines.com/2011/04/maceda-law-full-text-ra-6552.html#ixzz2WU4VzLe8

Civil Rights Era Struggle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Civil Rights Era Struggle - Essay Example However, with the landing of westerners in Africa, slave trade increased with the Africans having no apparent knowledge of the consequences it had on the slaves sold. This is because they had no way of knowing the conditions under which the slaves were kept, but knew only that it was good riddance. In the course of slavery, especially during the journey across the Atlantic ocean, slaves were mistreated, some died, and others fell ill while others were sexually violated. During the trip across the vast ocean, conditions in which the slaves were subjected to be far worse than they were in captivity, slaves were packed in the ships’ hulls and left to persevere hunger and dehydration. Through this treatment, some went overboard to deny the white man dominion over their lives; this was the first step in the struggle for survival and for their rights. Among the slaves taken captive, some made it alive and took charge of their lives by participating in resistance movements. They went on work slowdowns and even ran away in rebellion, while others like, â€Å"Quakers and other prominent persons- among them Anthony Benezet, Thomas Paine and Benjamin Franklin- publicly opposed slavery†2 (Thurgood and Autherine 4). ... These people included Phillis Wheatley the first African-America writer who published poetry and Benjamin Banneker who studied Astronomy and Mathematics. However, the other black American slaves could not get access to education in public schools despite being freed by their masters. This incited them even the more to rise against the oppressive rules and fight for their rights as equal men in the society. The fight against slavery went on, however, by the time of American Civil war, the population of African-American slaves was significant as it was about 4million and could no longer be ignored. Therefore, as a result of the proclamation of 1863, all slaves residing in the confederacy were declared free by Abraham Lincoln, which was a milestone. Consequently, the black slaves viewed this as another opportunity to take charge of their lives and freedom. During this period, slaves joined the union army to fight for the confederacy that had freed them. This in turn, brought the priorit ies, needs and issues of the 4 million slaves that were marginalized to the attention of lawmakers. However, a break came following the abolition of slavery in 1865 and an amendment granted blacks citizenship rights concerning protection by the rule of law. However, the struggle was not over following violence and lack of acceptance by radical citizens. These groups included the Ku Klux Klan that imposed threats, white supremacy violence and harsh economic conditions. In the case of African-Americans, this did not deter them from fighting for their due rights; they still were elected into local, state and federal offices despite the danger facing them. One renowned person in

Decision Making Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decision Making Model - Essay Example The initial step in this model involves identifying the decision to be made since it is vital that one is fully aware and clearly comprehends the decision at hand. The second stage is knowing one's self or undergoing self-assessment. This means that a person should be familiar with his/her skills, interests, values and personal traits as these factors would have substantial effects in making the decision. (Roberts, n.d.) The third step begins with identifying options or exploring alternatives. A person should know the choices available that are in line with the abovementioned factors. The fourth step involves gathering information or researching about what may be the potential consequences of the decisions. This step may entail interviewing other people with regard to their experiences in making the same decisions. One may also read books or surf the internet during this decision-making point. It is important to remember that the more information gathered the easier it is to make the decision. (Roberts, n.d.) The next step entails evaluating the options by identifying the pros and cons of each alternative. This may be done by listing the values affected and needs satisfied by each option as well as the risks involved (Roberts, n.d.). Note that some pros and cons may carry more weight than others. In this regard, it may help to assign grades to these listings to gauge what truly matters to the decision-maker ("Make Decision", 2005). Given the information gathered and analyzed, the sixth step involves selecting one of the options. This process does not end in choosing but with the seventh step that entails the designing and implementing an action plan relative to the decision that has been made. The final stage requires taking the necessary steps to effect the decision. (Roberts, n.d.) I have recently utilized this model in my current job when I was faced with deciding on whether to transfer to another department that was in need of someone with my qualifications. With this, I have instantly identified the decision of whether to grab the opportunity to transfer to another department or stay in the same section. In making this decision, I have assessed my values, skills, interests and characteristics. I have recognized my nursing skills, the value I assign to health and money, and my being sociable that enables me to easily get along with my colleagues and superior. Following these steps, I have proceeded with researching about the job opening. After all, more information would empower me to choose the best option. As such, I interviewed some friends who are assigned to the said department. Based on their experience, being assigned to the section entails longer working hours coupled with late lunches during a number of weekdays when work load is quite heavy. They also cited that the head of the department is somewhat demanding. However, this also means relatively higher take-home pay due to the additional overtime work rendered. After these, I evaluated my options based on the information I have obtained and my personality, values and skills. I listed down the advantages and disadvantages of opting to transfer and staying. I also

Cultural competence Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural competence - Research Paper Example g adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control† (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948) The aforementioned text is hence a proof of the uniformity that exists between humans of different races in this world, however it completely disregards the actual situation prevailing, especially in the United States of America. In the United States of America, a major constituent of the population happens to fall under the category of African American. The African Americans form a major chunk of the total population of the United States of America and measure at a 15%, including the President of the United States of America, Barack Obama. True to its traditions of racial discrimination, despite the efforts of empowerment of the Blacks, by Martin Luther King as well as Malcolm X, there still exists a lot of discrimination by the whites towards the blacks, mainly as a result of the notion which considers the Blacks as an inferior race to the whites, as a result of which, due to the negligence shown by the healthcare staff, particularly nurses, numerous African Americans, die every day. According to the statistics, in the United States of America, 38% of the African Americans suffer from hypertension, as compared to the 29% European Americans. â€Å"The combined overweight and obesity rates for African Americans are higher than for European Americans; 65% of African-American men and 56.5% of African-American women are overweight or obese, compared to 61% of European-American men and 49.2% of European-American women† (Health). Similarly, the occurrence of diabetes and deaths from cancer, are relatively way higher than that of the normal population, with 64% of all women suffering from fresh HIV infections

French System and the Modern Diplomacy Term Paper

French System and the Modern Diplomacy - Term Paper Example This paper will highlight the characteristics of the French system beginning with the Napoleon era and elaborate how modern diplomacy developed. This paper will highlight the Machiavellian concept of diplomacy, its application in the French system and the 21st century diplomacy. In addition, the paper will discuss the differences between the French diplomacy and the 21st century diplomacy. Machiavelli was the first in history to indulge in negotiations that led to agreements between his republic and other regions. His later works on how different powers could extend their influence to other regions and territories are the basis of the diplomacy adopted in the Renaissance Period. This system passed down to the states of Italy and France. History reveals that there was a form of embassy existing in France in the early 1535 (Berridge 105). The embassy was a representation of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. During that time, France was under the rule of a Christian king. Later, the def inition of the embassy changed, as nations adopted new definitions of diplomacy. With time, the embassies became immune residential areas. Immunity implied that the representatives were not subject to the laws of the regions they were residing. During this time, there was a continuity system. In addition, there was intense secrecy in the diplomacy. The proceedings and activities of the embassy remained hidden. In the majority of the negotiations, the people remained in the dark concerning any proceedings. The people could neither learn about the outcomes of any ongoing negotiations nor understand the proceedings. Secrecy involved keeping some or all the details under cover (Berridge 106). Secrecy was a crucial aspect because in any form of negotiations compromise was compulsory. The two parties on the negotiation table had to incur losses. Each side formulated its set of demands before the negotiation. For the other party to grant these demands, the party had to pay a price. If the information concerning the negotiations reached the people or other government agents, they could hinder paying of the price. Handling these matters in discretion and secrecy proved to be the only viable tactics (Berridge 107). The French diplomacy system of the early times was very ceremonial. The ambassadors, who acted as formal representatives of the highest power, had great responsibility in the negotiation process. The procedure carried its effects from the renaissance period. The influence of the French diplomacy from the Renaissance Era made it unique. Complicated ceremonies became part of the negotiation protocol as binding factors of the agreements. Having a guiding protocol in place ensured that each meeting of the parties focused on the agendas rather than on debating about the effective procedures. The protocol usually highlighted the sitting arrangements of both parties and elaborated other necessities such as the guidelines of signatures (Berridge 108). Earlier in 1504 , the Pope had laid out a precedence scheme. However, in 1815 the Vienna Congress made it invalid and set out a new order. The new scheme involved taking ranks in accordance to the time of the persons’ formal notifications and period of service at the capital. Other authors highlight that the French emphasized the value of honesty in all negotiation fronts. They believed that diplomacy based on deceit and trickery could not achieve its purpose of reconciling two parties with a fair

Catholic Church and Artificial Birth Control Methods Research Paper

Catholic Church and Artificial Birth Control Methods - Research Paper Example The Catholic Church is emphatic on the notion that birth control is not only wrong but also a grave sin. This paper will discuss the Catholic Church or doctrine and its emphasis on the ban of artificial birth control methods. From the date of its inception, the Catholic Church has insisted that birth control is a sin. Birth control and its methods have been understood from the times of ancient Roman and Greek empires. During this period, birth control was undertaken using condoms made from animal skin and other poisons that were used as spermicidal. The Catholic Church has followed the first mention of birth control issues recorded in genesis 38:8-10. According to the catholic doctrine, this is where birth control methods have been banned in the bible. Here Onan was instructed to engage in sexual intercourse with the widow of his brother. However, in that activity, Onan withdrew his penis so that he could not impregnate her. This resulted to the slain of Onan (Jutte 142). The Catholi c Church also cites Deuteronomy 23:1 that says that a person who crushes his testicles or cuts off his member will not be allowed in the Assembly of God. Crushing testicles and cutting off the member were considered as effective ways of sterilization at that time. Therefore, the Catholic Church states that this verse is clear on the Bible’s stand on birth control issues. The ban on birth control methods were also reiterated by the Catholic Church leaders in their time. For instance, the Clement of Alexandria in 195 AD said that the seed has a divine institution towards the propagation of human species. Therefore, the seed should not be ejaculated vainly, damaged or be wasted. This assertion agrees with the song of Monty Python called Every Sperm is Sacred. During the industrial revolution in 1930, Pope Pius XI was angered by the acceptance of birth control by other churches of the Christian doctrine (Tentler 7). This made him put a casti connubii in December 1930 that read, à ¢â‚¬Å"†¦ therefore, openly departing from the uninterrupted Christian tradition some recently have judged it possible solemnly to declare another doctrine regarding this question, the Catholic Church ... in order that she may preserve the chastity of the nuptial union from being defiled by this foul stain, ... proclaims anew that any use whatsoever of matrimony exercised in such a way that the act is deliberately frustrated in its natural power to generate life is an offense against the law of God and of nature, and those who indulge in such are branded with the guilt of a grave sin.† (Genovesi 174) The Catholic Church has hold on to the ban even in modern times. The catholic doctrine states that God created sex for the procreation of children and maintain the chastity of marriage. It is in this sense that the Catholic Church forbids sex outside marriage. This is because the church emphasizes that the teachings of birth control methods should be taught and understood in t he context of marriage specifically for the husband and his wife. However, the modern day Catholic Church has slightly changed on its emphasis on birth control methods. The traditional Catholic Church did not allow for any birth control method. On the other hand, the modern Catholic Church allows married couples to use natural birth control methods (Rengel 198). The modern day Catholic Church states clearly that it does not condemn the use of pills or condoms. This

Entrepreneurship and innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entrepreneurship and innovation - Essay Example ompany owes its popularity and success to the greatest talents that it nurtured that is why the employees benefits and thus career development are paid big attention. Such policy toward employees allows the company to continue its growing and development. ZTE Corporation also thinks what is best for its shareholders, so the investments made in the company activities were made not in vain. Speaking about the social responsibilities, ZTE acts proactively to satisfy the community with its needs and thus respond to the most critique considerations. Having the most complete telecommunications product line in the world, ZTE covers wireless networks, core networks, access and bearer networks and also services and terminals markets.  Along with it, the development capability and customer-oriented strategy that the company conducts, as well as the market-driven strategy, allow ZTE to be able to develop and produce the best market-leading technologies in wireless, access, data and telecommun ications software. These expert solutions enable the company to meet the needs of customers across the globe.  Once the company have realized the potential of the wireless and broadband networking for the global stage, it have opened new opportunities for ZTE in its ability to support transmission infrastructure, which is aimed to maintain demand for smart devices and intelligent network. As a new wave of the company’s activities, it should pay attention on reinvention of its activities to be able to use such opportunities at its best. For businesses, the positive environment predetermines its success. That is why, political, social and technological factors can greatly affect the way companies run their activities. Thus in 2012, the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence reported about the threat toward the U.S. national security from the ZTE company side. ZTE stated its own equipment did not threaten the U.S. national security as its all equipment was assessed by the U.S.

Fact Sheet Essay Example for Free

Fact Sheet Essay n the United States, there are approximately 1.7 million people who are suffering from limb loss. There are around 185,000 amputation related discharges in the U.S annually. Limb loss is greatest among those who are suffering from diabetes. Most of these people resort to the use of artificial limbs and joints. The use of prosthetics or the artificial limbs and joints is not new in science. The use thereof can be traced back to ancient Egypt. However, the formal use of artificial legs and amputation as life saving measures were only recognized in 1529 through the efforts of Ambroise Pare. Despite the evolution and introduction of different kinds of prosthetics, the three main parts remain to be the same. These three basic parts are the pylon, socket and suspension system. Among the modern prosthetics used is the Micro-Processor C-leg. This type of prosthetic is quite costly but the effects thereof are satisfying. Through this leg, a disabled patient can walk, climb, ride a bicycle and even play golf. The use of prosthetics provides wide range of advantages. Among the notable advantages is the mobility that it provides to the disabled patient. Another is the restoration of self-confidence in the patient by allowing him to function normally. Â  Among the disadvantages are intrinsic and extrinsic pain, skin complications, as well as limited movement. Despite the fact that prosthetics allow one to perform his daily tasks, this does not mean that the artificial leg is as efficient as the normal arms or legs.

Research Project Preparation

Research Project Preparation Introduction If we knew what we were doing, it would not be called research, would it?(Einstein). Life is exciting, and it will be surprising to find many things that have been avoided in particular society, somehow become most loved in others. A simple example is vegemite, while there were 10 of 10 of American kids felt it was disgusting[1], for sure, many Australians and New Zealanders will argue. Even, Australian dairy company, Bega, has spent A$460 million to acquire the brand back to Australian hand.[2] From that example, some questions might arouse: why those kids hate vegemite?; Why Australians and New Zealanders love vegemite?; How vegemite can be accepted in USA markets?. In an academic environment, some of those questions might lead to research. This essay will discuss research process, in particular, the process of planning research. And within it, explaining the definition of research and research process, the relationship between research topic and research question, the importance o f literature review, how the use of theory affect research approach/design, the goal of research a proposal and the importance of argument in academic writing. O Leary defines that the process of developing new knowledge by gathering data that answers a particular question is called Research[3]. So, what are those questions? For some, it is their concerns in issues encountered in life, for instance, poverty, famine, corruption, etc. For others, it will come from their passion for enjoying life. It is all the questions which relates to the need of new knowledge to solve our problems and curiosities[4]. Human curiosity is very diverse, from a question on how to have a beautiful delicacy to a dinner, to a complex idea on how to establish world peace. In some way, research is a means to contribute to options to fulfill curiosity, in which probably is the best practice to solve problems. However, there are, in some circumstances, many complexities to determine people behavior and their decisions, so, research needs plans, strategy, firm decision, and while at the same times, flexible to new changes to find the right knowledge to understand the p roblems, hence, be able to offer suitable recommendations for better future. As, O Leary mentioned that research is a creative and strategic process that involves continually assessing, reassessing, and making decisions about the best possible means for obtaining trustworthy information, carrying out appropriate analysis, and drawing credible conclusions[5]. Research process is a journey full of challenges which needs strategy, plan, every strength and support available to make it succeed in times and end up with expected result[6]. Meticulously planned steps are essential in a research process, such as 1. Find Research topic. 2. Articulate research questions. 3. Navigate ways trough ethics. 4. Work with literature. 5. Develop methodological approach. 6. Design methods. 7. Construct a coherent proposal. 8. Find respondents. 9. Collect data. 10. Analyze data, and 11. Write research report[7]. Every step comes with challenges[8], which sometimes are not easy to cope with. It may come from environment, family, requirements, resources, social barrier. And many of them come internally from the researchers, in such, low motivation, lack of confidence, unconstructive habits, background, work ethics, etc. It needs commitment and strategies to use the best support available and also the best state of own capabilities. It is a journey to find answ ers that is different from traveling where it has certain sets of destination. Where in between, it is needed to come back and forth to asses and reassess to keep everything on track. And by the end, it will take to a point where another research is needed[9]. Why? As new questions will emerge, society develop, human have a never-ending curiosity, problem bound to happen anytime and anywhere. However, with all of the challenges, there some, like in most journey, that found wonderful experience by doing research[10]. Explore mystery, find the unknown, and satisfy curiosity, while contributing to a better world are a very nice start to spark passion in research. The initial step in planning research is to find a well-thought research topic, and from those formulate a research question that structures a well-executed research. A research topic is an idea which will be the background of a research[11]. And as mentioned, with human curiosity, passions, issues, and problem surrounding, there will be no lack of idea. The challenge is on how to narrow down from so many interest surround, a remarkable idea that is feasible could come out[12]. O Leary explained that there are three ways to obtain research topic: 1. Concept mapping, which offers enhancement of creativity by looking problems from many perspectives, and therefore, have a brainstorm for a research topic; 2. Turning to literature, to identify information, ideas, theories and problems for research topics from a different perspective; 3. Looking for inspiration, that might be drawn from, personal insight and experiences, observations, contemporary/timely issues, and, identifying stakeholde rs need[13]. After research topic confirmed, well-articulated research questions are important, as to indicate the level of understanding of the topics and to structure logical course of action, to define an investigation, to set boundaries, to provide direction and to act as a frame of reference for assessing progress[14]. It will be the milestones for research process, set as achievable goals that tell how far steps has been taken, and how far it is needed to the end point. However, it is in researcher discretion to assess and reassess the questions to appropriately stay on track, undertake another direction based on new information, and new interesting information found[15]. Next principle step to plan and to prepare good research is reviewing literature. For most, Literature review is not new research, it is a way to learn from past knowledge, which offers unlimited theories, methodology, and experiences, as a valuable starting point to design research[16]. Delving into literatures strengthens the level of understanding of research topic, defines and redefines research questions, uncovers gaps in research rationales for further identification, and compares past approaches from various researches that have previously been conducted to discover suitable approach for own research[17]. Argument occupies a very important place in writing Literature review as an initial part of research. Even literature review itself is a purposeful argument, a form of argument to inform audience of what is happening in the field, to establish credibility as a knowledgeable and capable researcher, to argue the relevance and significance of research question, to provide the co ntext for own methodological approach and to argue the relevance and appropriateness of approach[18]. In doing so, it needs a strong evidence-based argument by compare and contrast own argument with past researchers, then synthesize and make arguments in own perspective as a part of further research[19]. Having confidence needed to initiate a research from reviewing literature, the next step is to develop most appropriate research approach and design. Understand on how theory used within research gives an overview to develop an effective approach. Explained by Creswell that each approach has its unique way of using theory. In quantitative approach, a theory will be used deductively, placed in the initial part of the research to provide an explanation or prediction about the relationship between variables and how variables affect other. The theory will be tested throughout the process in order to prove the validity of researcher prediction of variables relationship in particular aspects and environments. In qualitative approach, there are four ways on how theory is used: 1. As a broad explanation for behavior and attitudes, it is much similar on how theory used in quantitative approach where a general description of behavior and attitudes will begin the research, and series of prepare d hypothesis will be tested throughout; 2. As a theoretical lens or perspective; the perspective based on theoretical aspects such as race; gender; class, shapes research topics, questions, method and on how researcher position themselves that will obviously affect the written report and recommendations. 3. As an end point, in this case, theory will be the product of inductive thinking process of a research, where, collected bit of information will be developed into theory, generalizations, patterns, and then, compared with experience and existing literature to form researcher theorys; 4. In some qualitative study theory is not used, in these case researcher constructs a rich detailed description of a central phenomenon. In mixed method research, theory is used as a framework, social and transformative, that affect research methods in collecting, analyzing, processing quantitative and qualitative information[20]. The Last step in planning a research, as an expression of readiness to embark on the journey, is composing research proposal. Research proposal is a writing to convince other, a mean to argue that selected research questions are significance in obtaining results, a way to show that research methodology is effective, efficient and ethical to answers questions, and sometimes, it is the only opportunity to show potential as a researcher worthy for the job[21]. To construct convincing research proposal, all elements of research proposal; title; aims/objective; research questions/hypothesis; introduction; literature review; theoretical perspective; methods; limitations/delimitations; ethical considerations; timeline; budget/funding; and references should be written in a way to show clarity of thoughts, veracity of arguments and researcher potential[22]. The goal is to seek approval from admission boards, funding body or an ethic committee to initiate research, and by overcome the challeng es and meet the requirements[23], research plan will be tested and perfected. However, following guidelines, drafting and then redrafting at the same time be confident and open will contribute significantly[24]. Another important factor to remember as part of research process is the role of argument in academic writing. In every step of research there is a need for writings, for example, literature review, research proposal, research report, writing summary to challenge rationale and many others. Where, the nature of an academic writing requires to really understand the depth of principles, theories, and concepts and put it as reasonable statements to explain more concepts, process and procedures[25], research and academic writing cannot be separated. Within research process to find answers to contribute to the body of knowledge[26], research topic, research questions, rationale will be tested, it will perfected, to come out with conclusions and recommendations. Therefore, those conclusions, recommendations, concepts need to be written convincingly, supported by evidence, considered from different perspectives, and reasonable[27], to prove that the journey worth the effort. Conclusion This essay has discussed that research process is a journey. It definitely needs a well plan, and meticulous preparation, however, it is significant to bear in mind that within the process, it is requisite to come back and forth, assess and reassess, in open mindset and use the best of capabilities. Initial step to plan a research is to generate an idea for research topic. The challenge is to focus on idea that feasible and satisfy curiosity, and from that idea formulate research question that structured a well-executed research. Next important step to plan and prepare good research is to review literature, to learn from past knowledge by compare, contrast, analyze and synthesize ideas, theories, and methodologies as an initial standing. Next principal step is to understand on how theory as a framework, shapes differences between research approach to plan own approach. Final step in planning a research is by composing research proposal to convince and seek approval needed to start re search. Other important factor to remember, is that an academic writing and research process cannot be separated. Hence, to convince audience with strong evidence-based argument within research writings, to show that the journey worth the price is a must. References Constructing an Argument. Massey University. June 19 2014. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://owll.massey.ac.nz/study-skills/constructing-an-argument.php. Creswell, Jowhn W. 2014. Research Design. Washington DC: Sage Publication Inc. Davison, R.M., Martinsons, M.G., Kock N. 2004. Information Systems. Principles of Canonical Action Research 14. Lee, Sally. 2014. Is it the Australian version of Nutella? Daily Mail. August 30. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2738265/American-kids-taste-test-Vegemite-reactions-priceless.html . Miller, Jake. 2012. Nurturing a Passion for Research. Harvard Medical School. July 24. Accessed March 21, 2017. https://hms.harvard.edu/news/nurturing-passion-research-7-24-12. Niesche, Christopher. 2017. Vegemite back in Aussie hands. NZherald.co.nz. January 22. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3objectid=11786765. O Leary, Zina. 2014. The Essential Guide To Doing Your Research Project. London: Sage Publication, Inc. Webster, Jane, and Richard T Watson. 2002. Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 2 xiv. What Is Academic Writing. Massey University. October 25 2012. Accessed March 21, 2017. http://owll.massey.ac.nz/academic-writing/what-is-academic-writing.php. [1] Sally Lee, Is it the Australian version of Nutella?, Daily Mail http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2738265/American-kids-taste-test-Vegemite-reactions-priceless.html [2] C. Niesche, Vegemite back in Aussie hands, NZherald.co.nz http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3objectid=11786765 [3] Zina O Leary. 2014. The Essential Guide To Doing Your Research Project. (London: Sage Publication. Inc), 3. [4] Ibid,2. [5] Zina O Leary. 2014. The Essential Guide To Doing Your Research Project. (London: Sage Publications, Inc), [6] Ibid, 18-28. [7] Ibid, 1. [8] Ibid, 28. [9] Davison, R. M., Martinsons, M. G., Kock N., Principles of Canonical Action Research, Information Systems Journal (2004): 14 [10] Jake Miller, Nurturing a Passion for Research, Harvard Medical School, https://hms.harvard.edu/news/nurturing-passion-research-7-24-12 [11] Zina O Leary. 2014. The Essential Guide To Doing Your Research Project. (London: Sage Publications, Inc), 32-33. [12] Ibid, 33. [13] Zina O Leary. 2014. The Essential Guide To Doing Your Research Project. (London: Sage Publications, Inc), 33-34 [14] Ibid, 45 [15] Ibid, 45 [16] Jane Webster, Richard T. Watson. Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review. MIS Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 2 (2002) xiv. [17] Locit, 86-88 [18] Ibid 99 [19] Ibid 98 [20] John W. Creswell, 2014. Research Design. (Washington DC: Sage Publication, Inc), 52-69. [21] Zina O Leary. 2014. The Essential Guide To Doing Your Research Project. (London: Sage Publications, Inc), 72-74. [22] Ibid, 74-77. [23] Ibid, 72. [24] Zina O Leary. 2014. The Essential Guide To Doing Your Research Project. (London: Sage Publications, Inc), 77-78. [25] What Is Academic Writing, Massey University, http://owll.massey.ac.nz/academic-writing/what-is-academic-writing.php [26] Locit,3 [27] Constructing an Argument, Massey University, http://owll.massey.ac.nz/study-skills/constructing-an-argument.php

The Causes And Effects Of Plagiarism English Language Essay

The Causes And Effects Of Plagiarism English Language Essay Plagiarism is not to do any research or quotation and cite other person`s thoughts or words as your own. It is a kind of cheating and a breach of academic ethics. However, the phenomenon of plagiarism becomes more and more common and happens every day. A shocking news by The New York Times (Christine Haughney, August 10th 2012)that Fareed Zakaria, a famous host of CNN and Editor-at-large TIME Magazine, was found to plagiarize several paragraphs from an April 23 New Yorker article on the National Rifle Association was written by Jill Lepore. Consequently, Time had suspended him for a month .CNN deleted  his  article  and  informed him of  further  warming. And then,  they  started to  investigate  his  work. There is no doubt that he would suffer from  an  abrupt  frustration. His lesson will keep alert the rising  phenomenon  of  plagiarism, especially in universities. An investigation taken by The Sydney Morning Herald (Alexander, 2006) discloses th e problem in Australia. For instance, the university of technology, Sydney recorded 362 counts of plagiarism in 2005, at the same time, the University of Wollongong recorded 134. Across eight Australian universities, it is approximated nearly 3500 students have been caught cheating or plagiarism since 2001. Another research journal in Australia was launched in 2005, the International Journal for Educational honesty, to solve the education and academic problems. According to this research plagiarism in Australia, particularly in relation to the country`s historically high number of international students(Cohen, 2007, p. A51). So, what do universitys students especially international students actually think about the concept of plagiarism and what does it mean to them? Penny cook (1996) states that he notion of ownership of text is a particularly Western concept. He indicates that plagiarism is a complex phenomenon. As a result, we have found that the reasons of plagiarism in universi ty are followed by ignorance, digital resources and personal factors. The first cause of plagiarism in university is some students` ignorance. So we can find , student are always confused whether the action is plagiarism, especially for international students. For example, Students from the areas out of the UK, may have been taught different rules and academic environments before they entered in the English academy. Matalene (1985) states that her Chinese students produced a writing assignment, she found their sources were too similar and students were surprised by her subsequent objections to what they saw as a valid writing method. Later, one of her students found this eloquent way of summing up the ensuing class discussion: In this case the students agreed that they had copied from their sources but believed that they just to borrow the language from a source and copying was appropriate. They did not want to violate academic standards or pretend that they had not copied. As a result, this phenomenon have been offered, due to different cultures bring out different attitudes for plagiarism. In addition to students` ignorance, Internet may be is another cause of plagiarism. So, internet provide so many different channels for students to get all binds of information in today`s digital age. For example. They can search whatever information they need in Wikipedia and Google, at the same time, they also can share and gain tens of thousands information in facebook and twitter. And there are incalculable number of words without the author attributed. So that is the important reason that some students even don`t realize they were plagiarizing. Figures obtained from an investigation by Journal of Second Language Writing (Yongyan li,2012,P165-180) reveal that the students` understanding of plagiarism and take an interview with a girl, for example, Her teacher found that approximately 25% of her essay overlapped. According to this interview, we can found that this student never intends to plagiarize by using internet, but always did not know how to dealing with it. Well, that is true. Sometimes, when we looking for some resources on internet, it is too difficult to make a choice because of there are too many information online. The last cause of plagiarism may be some personal factors which are attitude and procrastination. Specifically, may be most students will good faith effort to write their essays, there will always be some people just do not want to work hard. Steve Schriener, an English teacher in Cheyenne Mountain High School in Colorado Springs, who gave his students a poetry assignment:According to Schriener s experience, and there is a find that some students did not think their actions will be caught or bothered about the consequences of plagiarism. Meanwhile, procrastination may be one of the personal factors, especially for international students. When foreign students go to a country for studying, they will have many problems that they need to deal with. Such as the language barrier like not fully comprehending the assignment, adapt to new manners and customs. Sometimes they may have a little time to do their essays. So, some of them were forced to copy. Because of those causes, there are some serious issues of integrity, learning and relationships happened in college student. College-level plagiarism will product so many irreparable effects such as students betray trust with their fellow friends and professors. The serious punishment include expulsion from school, and when they plagiarize, they lost their original intention of studying. First of all, plagiarism is a disrespect of others, especially for teachers and classmates. For instance, Plagiarism taints teachers and students, creating a climate of suspicion. Specifically, teacher and student need to means teacher s want to rely on their students honesty. Students have to be able to trust each other. When you steal the job from other writers, you lost your credit. And maybe no longer can your teachers believe that is your own works. Also, plagiarizing teachers and the job of the independent whose work is a kind of plagiarized action. If you didnt care about the honesty of other peoples work, maybe later you would have to care about the relationship with people as well. For the classmates, if they help you before, they would think of you as a thief full of unfair, if students know that you are cheating and getting away with it, they may cheat Secondly, plagiarized is a disrespect action for yourself, especially for your leaning and motivation. When a student plagiarizes someone elses job, it means he lost a very important opportunity to improve his writing skills and the ability of thinking, as well as he waste the time and life. plagiarized work means that you spent so many time and did an insignificant job. In other words, the reason why teacher want you to writing an essay, is to expand upon what you have learned in lectures and carefully develop writing assignments. To make sure that students can articulate the knowledge they have learned by a clear way. On the campus when plagiarism is discovered, unofficial drawbacks can have serious effects. To sum up, there is no doubt that plagiarism is a kind of abominable action for yourself, your teachers and the school, even it produces a bad influence for the society. So we have to think about some serious questions that why we studying and what is the most important thing during our studying process. The answers are genuine understanding and you must make all of knowledge become your own mind. It is not just replaying something you have heard and looked. Writing is a kind of form to show your own mind to readers, and you have to achieve that the readers can distinguish what is yours and what is someone elses at a glance. At the same time, it is the very important and effective way to test whether you understand a topic authentically. However, plagiarism makes your learning become insignificance. You need to learn how to write a paper that can show your mind completely and equips your own styles, maybe sometimes you found an essay that has the same ideas as yours, it is clear and easy to understanding, so you may be influenced by it, then you would write the similar one, but it not means you have learned it, it just learns how to cut and paste. And we should think about another question that why you should believe me if without the reference. We always use so many references in our essay when we want to show our minds clearer and equip more persuasion, that is good but we have to recall what the most in our paper is, references or our own words. If just someone elses sentence, even they are from some famous people. It is true that your essay is very authoritativeness but it is a kind of plagiarism even so you are unintentional to do that. So in my opinion, plagiarism is not inevitable. In view of the above-mentioned causes in raising the output, I have written three reasons why plagiarism happens, if it happens just because there is no ability to accomplish it, we can find a solution for example the teachers can decrease the requirement and extend the time you make it temporary. It is not a way to relax just because of our only objective is we can learn and understand all of them authentically. And the second reason is internet, there is no doubt the internet can provide so many information for us, the great and the bad. I think if students can search the essay that has the same idea as them, they would copy them unhesitatingly because everybody can write the same words. So we can change the education environment like letting the students had the imagination and ability of creation when they were children, and how to pick the useful information up in the internet and become the own words not just cut and paste. The la st one is changing your attitude of learning, just thinking about plagiarism is from someone elses but not your own, it is an action to waste life.

Analysis of Platos Allegory of the Cave Essay -- Papers Plato Allegor

Analysis of Plato's Allegory of the Cave Plato's "Allegory of the Cave" presents a vision of humans as slaves chained in front of a fire observing the shadows of things on the cave wall in front of them. The shadows are the only "reality" the slaves know. Plato argues that there is a basic flaw in how we humans mistake our limited perceptions as reality, truth and goodness. The allegory reveals how that flaw affects our education, our spirituality and our politics. The flaw that Plato speaks about is trusting as real, what one sees - believing absolutely that what one sees is true. In The Allegory of the Cave, the slaves in the caves know that the shadows, thrown on the wall by the fire behind them, are real. If they were to talk to the shadows echoes would make the shadows appear to talk back. To the slaves "the truth would be literally nothing but the shadows of the images." (Jacobus 316). In the allegory, a slave is then brought out of the cave, in what Plato refers to as "he ascent of the soul into the intellectual world" (Jacobus 319). Once out of the cave the slave discovers that what he thought was real is not. He learns to comprehend all of these new images as real and true. Since he has been in the dark, both literally and metaphorically, the light blinds him. Representing knowledge, the light is too brilliant for him to see and comprhend. He must be re-educated. "First he will see the shadows best, next the reflections of the men and other objects? then the objects themselves" (Jacobus 317). He learns that the reflections are truer than shadows and the objects truer than reflections. He must deal with a new reality that does not exist within the cave. Plato says that these people who a... ...ary friend when we are younger. Our imaginary friend is very real to us, but as we get older or make the ascent to the world of knowledge, we reject our imaginary friends. We are faced with a different reality where we start to believe that what our eyes show us is the only truth. We forget to question things and don't realize that maybe there is yet another ascent, out of this bigger "cave" of the light. Human beings' knowledge of goodness, reality, and truth will always be limited by our fear of new ideas and new perspectives. As long as we are afraid of questioning, we will be willing to "put to death" anyone who ascends and returns to the cave with the truth. Work Cited Corinthians II, The New Jerusalem Bible. Henry Wansbrough, gen. ed. New York: Doubleday, 2005. Jacobus, Lee A. A World of Ideas. 7th Edition Boston: Bedford/St. Martins. 2006.

An Analysis of Neutral Tones by Thomas Hardy Essay -- Neutral Tones Es

An Analysis of Neutral Tones by Thomas Hardy      Ã‚   "We stood by a pond that winter day," (1) This line indicates a still quietness, with lack of the movement of life. There is a vast difference in appearance and movement around a pond in winter and a pond in the midst of summer. This indicates no leaves, and no visible signs of life. The poet is painting a stark and lifeless scene. "And the sun was white, as though chidden of God,"(2) This is indicative of the modernist approach to light as being too harsh and not a positive factor. Chidden means scolded, rebuked, or even blamed. God is not looking favorably upon these people. "And a few leaves lay on the starving sod;"(3) Leaves fall from trees when they are dead, and the term 'starving' refers to the dying of the ground. "They had fallen from an Ash, and were gray,"(4) Ash trees are very beautiful hardwood trees, and this line indicates the passing of beauty, and ties in with the dying leaves mentioned in line three. This first stanza indicates that something once beautiful is dying. "Your eyes on me were as eyes that rove"(5) When lovers who are in love look upon one another, it is usually with a fixed gaze. That old love song, "I only have eyes for you" helps explain the poets anguish when he realizes his lover is no longer mesmerized while in his company. "Over tedious riddles of years ago;" (6) is indicative of some unresolved problems between the two people in this poem. "And some words played between us to and fro" (7) seems to indicate small talk and mindless chatter.    "On which lost the more by our love"(8) tells the reader that the poet is unhappy with the chatter and would rather be speaking of the unresolved problems betwee... ...a definite and recognizable pattern. This poem is certainly not a sonnet, either in subject matter, meaning, or format. The rhyme scheme for this poem is that of A B B A, C D D C, E F F E, G H H G.   There is enough continuity in this rhyme scheme to hold the poem together as a whole through the use of the pattern, however the changing of the actual rhyming words and the fact that, for instance, the A word is only repeated one time (as are all of the others) intensifies the poets feelings of loss over the change in his love's desires. Through the rhyming scheme, the poet is conveying the hopelessness of the two of them getting back together and repeating the beautiful love they once shared.    Works Cited Damrosch, David, et al., ed.   The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Vol. B.   Compact ed.   New York: Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. p. 2256

Define Communism

Communism has long been heralded in capitalist countries as the root of all evil. However, as with all phobias, this intrinsic fear of communism comes from lack of knowledge rather than sound reasoning. It is the same fear that gave the world the Cold War and McCarthy†s Red Scare. The purpose of this paper is neither to support communism over capitalism nor the opposite, rather it is to inform the reader of communism†s migration through time and hopefully assist the regression of such fear. The ideology of communism came out of the minds of two men, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (Sowell, 11). Since Marx is the most widely known influence, he will be the one most referred to. It was Marx†s belief that private property was the cause of poverty and degradation of the proletariat. Therefore, he came to settle on the idea that no one person should have control over production of goods, ownership of land, and management of funds. In that same token then, no one class should be allowed to have control over these things. He went on to comment that the exploitation of the working class must come to an end. That end would be achieved through revolution. Once this was achieved, everybody would work according to their abilities and then be paid accordingly (Marx 586-617). Soon after, however, technical innovations would create such abundance of goods that â€Å"everyone works according to his abilities and receives according to his needs. † Soon thereafter, money would ! have no place in society. People would be able to take what they want and in turn would be lacking nothing. Marx also believed that the pleasure of seeing the fruits of labor would be enough to cause man to work (Rieber, 56-62). Countries and people were soon to catch on to this ideology. The two most well know places were Russia and China. Of the two, Russia was the first to adopt the communist beliefs. Russia already had a long history of peasant insurrections. Most of these uprisings though, were leaderless and highly unorganized. The motives of the rebels were vague and often confused. By the time the government made some improvements to help the peasants, it was too late. In 1917, due to the breakdown of the administration and military order, the peasants moved to carry out their own revolution. They tore down any form of legal and territorial authority and distributed the land in a rough but equal fashion. During this time, a man by the name of Georgi V. Plekanhov had secretly come into Russia bringing Karl Marx†s books. Once there, these books influenced young students who saw the revolution dependent on the proletariat, not the peasant class. One of the people influenced by Plekanhov was a man going by the name of Nikolai Lenin. His revolutionary ardor was strong and he went on to creat a group called the Bolsheviks and they are the ones who would create the revolution needed to change the system. It began on March 6, 1917 when bread riots erupted in Petrograd, Russia and did not end until the United Soviet Socialist Republic was organized on December 30, 1922. On January 21, 1924, Lenin died and this complicated matters since two people were interested in Lenin†s position. A power struggle ensued between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky (Salisbury, xi). Stalin became the Bolshevik party general secretary in 1922, which was one step closer to being the next Lenin. In 1925, Stalin offered a more attractive solution to the Russian people than Trotsky (Rieber, 73-74). Thus in 1927, Stalin scored the first major victory for himself when the Fifteenth All-Union Congress of the Communist Party denounced all deviations of the Stalinist line. Trotsky and any ally of his were banished to the Russian provinces. Here Stalin†s ruthless nature began to show. He completely expelled Trotsky from the Soviet Union and finally his fear of Trotsky-esque forced him to assassinate Le! on Trotsky in 1940 (Kaiser, 246). However, even after Trotsky was assassinated Stalin†s fears were never quite dissipated. Stalin went on to establish a dictatorship, crushing any opposing voices within his party and his country. He would not stop there though, still being enough of a Marxist, he wanted to see the ultimate goal become a reality. He wanted to see a world wide socialist revolution. He and many other Soviet leaders held the furtherance of world revolution above the preservation of the dictatorship. It remained an important goal through the leadership of Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov, and Chernenko. However, this came to the head during the leadership of Gorbachev. Gorbachev had a country that was falling apart dumped into his lap. Dissension was widespread and in an effort to bring the country back to it†s former glory, Gorbachev implemented a program known as Perestroika, or reconstructuring. Its aim was to make good on the promises of socialism or else it would sink to the status of a third world country. One part of Perestroika that was particularly odd was called Glasnost. The purpose of Glasnost was to hear constructive criticism in order to possibly try to implement the ideas in an effort to help the country out of their difficulties. This was much different from Stalin†s views. When western criticism said that Perestroika was slowing down, Glasnost went ahead at full speed, revealing not only the crimes of the Stalin era, but also the horrifying dimensions of the contemporary crisis. In foreign affairs, not only was there great progress on arms control, but also Soviet troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan. Most spectacular of all, in 1989, Gorbachev allowed Soviet control over Eastern Europe to evaporate, as communism was overthrown and independent governments were established in one satellite country after another. In 1991, Gorbachev changed course as he came to realize that his only chance to preserve the union was to work with the leaders of the republics rather than against them. For many loyal members of the party and the security forces, as well as managers of industry and collective farms, the country as they had known it was on the brink of falling apart. The last stand of the old guard was an attempted coup in August 1991. It was easy for the plotters to take over the central government, but they found it impossible to topple Boris Yeltsin and the Russian Federation government. The coup collapsed within days, and the Communist party was outlawed. The fate of the August showed how little vitality was left in the Soviet Union†s central government, and it was not long before appropriate conclusions were drawn. In another quieter coup in December, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus declared that a Commonwealth of Independent States would replace the Union of Soviet So! cialist Republics. The declaration only ratified the reality of republican independence. Gorbachev bowed to the inevitable and resigned at the end of the year. The seventy-four year history of the Soviet Union had come to an end (Grolier). After Russia, China was the next major country to adapt to the communist system of beliefs. It was on October 1, 1949 that Mao Tsetung pronounced the establishment of the new Chinese Communist state: the People†s Republic of China. It was for this reason that Mao and over ten thousand people set off on what was to be called the Long March. They began in the Jiangxi province where their ranks rapidly grew and became known as the Fourth Red Army. It was comprised of peasants and soldiers who were in favor of a communist regime or were in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek†s nationalist views. Mao†s army never numbered more than 85,000 peasants, while Chiang†s forces, the Kuomintang, numbered at least 200,000 well-equipped troops (Frankenstein 58-64). The odds were definitely against Mao. It was for this reason that he favored guerrilla warfare. Mao described these tactics in his Little Red Book: When the enemy advanced, we retreat. Our weapons are supplied to us by the enemy. In 1934, Chiang encircled the Jiangxi province in which Mao was camped and thus it was decided within his camp that they must break through Chiang†s blockade lines. The 85,000 plus another 15,000 peasants poured through the breach that had been made. Within forty-eight hours, most of the people had broken through the lines. No one really knew what ahead, however, over six thousand miles, icy rivers, swampy marshes, and Kuomintang forces would leave only a handful alive at the end (Frankenstein 116-124). The Long March had begun. It would finally end in 1949, the same time the People†s Republic of China was formed. Mao had come out on top through extraordinary means. However, the civil war was not quite over. While living in Taiwan, Chiang was still getting backing from the United States of America and again took the title of President in 1950. Mao recognized, however, that he would need to set up a government immediately in order to support the close to one billion people living in China. He then turned to the Soviet Union for financial assistance. Mao went on to create the Great Cultural Revolution: an effort to get China up to the status of a major world power. This was a major motivating force for Mao until his death in 1976 (Frankenstein, 161-165). China and the communist party were without an outstanding leader for several years following Mao Tsetung†s death. Finally, Deng Xiaoping eventually emerged as the paramount leader they were looking for in 1978. He promptly launched his economic reform plan. Under his leadership, China tried moving their economy from a sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more produ! ctive and flexible economy with market elements, all within the framework of Communist control. The result has been a strong surge in production with industry posting some major gains. Deng†s reforms have improved the livelihoods of many Chinese living in urban areas. There is no doubt that Deng had lead China through greatest period of modernization and foreign contact. One of the saddest days in Chinese history was the death of Deng Xiaoping on February 19, 1997. While he had not been active for some time and had not appeared in public for three years prior to his death, the death of senior leaders had always had an unsettling impact on Chinese politics (CNN). On the other hand, Deng had retired in 1989 and he had placed Jiang Zemin in the powerful post of chairman of the Central Military Commission. In 1993, Jiang was named president of China. Jiang†s policy, like that of his mentor, was to instill market reforms while still keeping the country politically and socially conservative (CNN). This was going to be difficult though with Hong Kong having been returned to China on June 1, 1997. President Jiang Zemin himself will preside as the motherland reclaims a piece of itself, instantly replacing the councils and crown symbols of Britain rule with the new authority of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. If only it were that simple. The people of Hong Kong embrace neither of these extremes. They share pride in the reunification of China, but they harbor some misgivings about their new landlords, however, they are ready to give the new system a chance. Unfortunately the west is casting a skeptical eye. If Beijing is ready to be welcomed into the community of nations with the stature its size and wealth ought to command, China will have to convince the west that it is ready and able to live by the international community†s rules (McGeary, 186-192). With the Soviet Union no longer in existence, the international community is turning their attention on to the last major communist nation that has influence. China will have to tread lightly, especially now with the return of a valuable port that was the refuge for millions of democratic citizens. China has promised a â€Å"one country, two systems† policy, but that is only drawing more criticism. Communism can no longer grow, it can only mature. However, this maturing process is turning it into more of a capitalist country.

Financial Terms and Definitions Essay

1. Finance: Finance is the study of how people and businesses evaluate investments and raise capital to fund them. 2. Efficient market: Efficient market is the concept that all trading opportunities are fairly priced. 3. Primary market: Primary market is a part of the financial market where new security issues are initially bought and sold. 4. Secondary market: Secondary market is the financial market where previously issued securities such as stocks and bonds are bought and sold. 5. Risk: Risk is the potential that a chosen action or activity (including the choice of inaction) will lead to a loss (an undesirable outcome). 6. Security: Security is a negotiable instrument that represents a financial claim that has value. Securities are broadly classified as debt securities (bonds) and equity securities (shares of common stock). 7. Stock: Stock is an instrument that signifies an ownership position in a corporation. 8. Bond: Bond is a long-term (10-year or more) promissory note issued by a borrower,  promising to pay the owner of the security a predetermined amount of interest each year. 9. Capital: Capital is the amount of cash and other assets owned by a business. These business assets include accounts receivable, equipment, and land/buildings of the business. Capital can also represent the accumulated wealth of a business, represented by its assets less liabilities. 10. Debt: Debt is money that has been borrowed and must be repaid. This includes such things as bank loans and bonds. 11. Yield: Yield is the income return on an investment. This refers to the interest or dividends received from a security and is usually expressed annually as a percentage based on the investment’s cost, its current market  value or its face value. 12. Rate of return: The gain or loss on an investment over a specified period, expressed as a percentage increase over the initial investment cost. Gains on investments are considered to be any income received from the security plus realized capital gains. 13. Return on investment: A performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment or to compare the efficiency of a number of different investments. To calculate ROI, the benefit (return) of an investment is divided by the cost of the investment; the result is expressed as a percentage or a ratio. 14. Cash flow: Cash flow is a revenue or expense stream that changes a cash account over a given period. Cash inflows usually arise from one of three activities – financing, operations or investing – although this also occurs as a result of donations or gifts in the case of personal finance. Cash outflows result from expenses or investments. This holds true for both business and personal finance

The National Origins Act of 1924

The National Origins Act of 1924 was a law that restricted the number of immigrants allowed to enter the U.S. by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants. The Immigrants that was restricted were from southern and eastern Europe and which then virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s. The National Origins Act established a system of immigration, which required immigrants to have a visa issued by an American consular officer abroad before immigrating to the United States. It completely changed the patterns of immigration throughout the twentieth century. This measure sharply reduced immigration to America, and especially targeted those from southern and eastern Europe. Which it did not affect America per say, really affected people from Europe who wanted to migrate to the United States. The 1965 Immigration Act is the foundation of America's current legal immigration system. It abolished the Immigration Act of 1924 that had been in place in the United States since 1924. Overriding past quota systems that heavily favored Europeans. It was the act declared that no person shall receive any preference or priority or be discriminated against in the issuance of an immigrant visa because of the person's race, sex, nationality, place of birth or place of their residence. The Act based on reuniting immigrant families and attracting skilled labor to the United States. They are coming from a range of countries and cultures and are transforming cities, suburbs, and rural areas and are affecting schools, religions, politics, and health care. A higher proportion now already have professional skills and college degrees. Part 2: Labor Immigrants Labor Immigrants are immigrants that come to the United States undocumented, not all of them are undocumented but many come to America undocumented. Many of them are EWI's, visa abusers, and some come over as temporary workers. Some who are undocumented, they may have regularized status. Labor Immigrants often come to America from poorer countries. Immigrants come through family reunification or as refugees. They are drawn by the lure of higher wages in the United States from their country. Often in other foreign countries, they're pay scales do not compare as the United States pay scale. That's why often foreigners come  over to America to work in order to provide for their families due to better pay. Labor Immigrants occupation consists of agriculture, construction, garment and   omestic. Compared to both the native and overall foreign-born worker population, Mexican and Central American workers are less likely to be employed in professional and related industries. They are more likely to be employed in the construction and non-durable goods manufacturing industries. Often times, labor immigrants live in small apartments complex's or in small homes which a Lot of immigrants will live together and help to pay rent. Typically, Immigrants will live in cities or nearby than versus living out in rural areas. Many do receive some aid in housing by the federal government because they are given visa's to work in America. The biggest problem many show is speaking English, because they haven't learned English. So a few speak enough English to get by or often I seen many of times, is that they have a friend that speaks English pretty decent and then tells them what to do in their language in order to complete task. Part 2 continued: Professional Immigrants Professional Immigrants are highly trained individuals who move to fill an economic niche in a middle-class profession often marked by shortages in the receiving country. The United States Immigration policy encourages this type of immigration. Therefore, most in this category come illegally in the United States. Many immigrants find too few professional  opportunities in their home countries so that's why they come to America to work. Most of the professional immigrants have college degrees or either some-sort of degree in a trade to obtain knowledge or in order to work for companies. They are very hard workers in this field.  Often enter at the bottom of their fields in the United States which refers to brain drain. You see many professional immigrants working in construction such as working on building new omes. Many of these immigrants go to school to learn that type of trade or even companies will hire them and train them as they progress. I will hear when some companies will even pay for their schooling in order to move them up in ranks. Often professional immigrants live in small apartments complex's or in small homes which a Lot of immigrants will live together and help to pay rent. They will also live with their  families in a house while the husband goes to work and the wife stays home and takes care of their children if they have any. Typically, Immigrants will live in cities or nearby than versus living out in rural areas. Yet again, the biggest problem many show is speaking English, because they haven't learned English. So a few speak enough English to get by or often I seen many of times, is that they have a friend that speaks English pretty decent and then tells them what to do in their language in order to complete task. Part 3: I chose the documentary film, In â€Å"Dollars and Dreams: West Africans in New York†, the immigrants all start in the same place but they all ended up going in many different directions. From dishwashers, to house builders, to construction workers, and to entrepreneurs making millions. The location of New York fulfilled the expectations of some immigrants because of many different jobs, but some did not feel that way. The America dream is hard to achieve and a lot of hard work to achieve what you want in life which several of these immigrants did. I definitely agree in hard work because I think you can achieve greatness through hard work. In the podcast â€Å"This America Life: Immigration† the narrator discusses how Mexican immigrants revolutionized/evolved the chicken industry in the south in the United States. More importantly in a small town in Albertville located in Alabama. Soon after, Mexican immigrants started to funnel in and take positions in the factory from other workers who had worked there for years. Therefore, it would cause conflict amongst workers inside the work place. One of the black workers said for the first time he had felt unified working with the white workers to fight against this issue. The other workers felt that Mexicans were taking their positions because they were harder workers and fearing being fired unlike the white people. This particular podcast did very well in showing both sides of the argument. This helped me to understand not only the views on what I heard about Mexicans taking America jobs, but also showed how the Mexicans revolutionized this industry to benefit themselves and as well as their families. I Totally agree with Mexicans/ foreigners being hard workers because my dad is real estate appraiser and I will go with him while he does his work. I would just sit in the truck sometimes and watch them work and they do work very hard and very long days versus a white worker. Lastly, I chose â€Å"Maeve in America: children of Immigrants, Listen to your Parents† explores case by case of examples how immigrants children share several similarities in how they were raised as a child by their parents. The children experienced parents who lacked to share culture and thus redistricted their children from developing. For example, an Indian parent did want their child to participate in going over friend's house in spending a night over a friend's house. Hearing these stories about how the immigrant parents helped me connect what I learned in class to what actually happens in today's society and what actually really goes on. It just made me sit back and think that I'm really grateful for what I have in my life and what I have learned so far.

Use of Computer in Pharmacy

Communication: Computers are used within pharmacies to facilitate communication. From email to other Internet-based messaging systems, online communication allows pharmacists and other pharmacy staff to keep in contact both within their own organization and within the professional community. Some pharmacy companies have their own Intranet systems for internal communications over the Internet. Prescription Processing: Prescription processing is invariably one of the main activities going on within a pharmacy on a day-to-day basis, and computers are used to make this process more reliable and efficient.Both the customer service side of pharmacy operation and the dispensing aspect are today carried out through the use of computing systems. Pharmacy computers also handle customer service activities such as sales and cash handling within the retail operation. Information: Having access to the Web via pharmacy computers is something that has enhanced the ability of pharmacists to carry out their duties to a higher standard.As well as giving the pharmacy staff access to the vast store of information that is available on the Internet, including those on specialist pharmacy resources, the Internet connects pharmacists to their peers on a global scale. Professional communities for pharmacists operate on-line, creating an atmosphere that is conducive to professional development. Databases: Computer databases for information about medicines, and medical treatment in general, are used within pharmacies.These database systems allow pharmacy staff to find out information about any potential conflicts or health-care problems in a prescribed treatment, as well as information about the details of any particular medicine the pharmacist needs to know more about. This information may include ingredients and potential effects as well as research and scientific data. Error Prevention: Pharmacy computer systems can help to prevent errors in medication, potentially saving lives and gen erally preserving the health of patients.As well as checking medicines and combinations of medicines, these systems can in some cases check on patient information. The availability of such systems varies across the different geographical areas, but in some cases pharmacy computers are able to check on prescribed medicines with specific reference to a patient and their overall health-care picture. Conclusion: We can say that computer is very useful for us. In clinical Pharmacy, Community Pharmacy and hospital Pharmacy crying need to use computer.

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature Review - Essay Example History is replete with such instances including the Arab-Israeli war of 1948-1949 and the Balkan Crisis which ended in the breaking up of former Yugoslavia into Croat, Serb, and Bosnian states. The problem with the brokered peace in such wars is that multi-lateral agreements stem from frivolous motives. The author argues that the UN would be better off assisting the strong overcome the weak for lasting peace. Instead the peace making efforts only add to the continuity of the war by encouraging the weaker forces to remain as refugees and make for potential outbreaks of hostility, as is seen in Rwanda. The UN peace keeping forces are usually ineffective in ensuring a lasting peace through the proper use of force and the usual outcome of UN and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) peace keeping efforts is the creation of refugee nations, as is the case with Palestinians living in scattered refugee camps in the Middle-East. It is in these refugee camps that resentment of their plight and the respite provided by the peace keeping efforts that lengthens the conflict. There should be the political will not to unnecessarily intervene in wars. Powerful nations like the United States of America should discourage multi-lateral efforts to bring about peace. New rules should be created to ensure that refugee relief by the UN does not allow the creation of refugee camps, but instead repatriation, local absorption, and emigration should be encouraged to prevent any permanency of the refugee camps. These measures may seem perverse but in keeping with the paradoxical logic that wars bring peace. The strength of this article lies in its highlighting of the ineffectiveness of the peace making efforts by the UN and international bodies, whereby there is hardly any resolution the war remain, but instead it creates permanency to the presence of conflict in a

Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aristotle - Essay Example Secondly is Pathos means Emotional appeal based on reader’s emotions. Pathos are used to persuade effectively to affect the audience’s emotional response, and emotional appeal to enhance an argument. Thirdly, Logos or (Logical) â€Å"word,† â€Å"speech,† â€Å"reason†, the science dealing with the principles of valid reasoning and argument. According to Fahnestock, â€Å"This study determines the conditions under which one is justified in passing from given statements, called premises, to a conclusion that is claimed to follow from them. Logical validity is a relationship between the premises and the conclusion such that if the premises are true then the conclusion is true.† The  validity  of  an  argument should be distinguished from the truth of the conclusion. If one or more of the premises is false, the conclusion of a valid argument may be false. Logos or logical reasoning is the most important and Aristotle’s favorite. Since logos gives the most effective and gives reasons to an argument, and it is said â€Å" it cannot emphasized enough without reasoning† Aristotle’s logical validity has a relationship between the premises and the conclusion such that if the premises are true then the conclusion is true.The  validity  of  an  argument should be distinguished from the truth of the conclusion. If one or more of the premises is false, the conclusion of a valid argument may be false. This appeal is incredibly important. But each of these appeals are also important in people’s daily basis and it should come into play at different times with different

Implement a marketing solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Implement a marketing solution - Essay Example It involves almost every aspect f what is going on in a company. Production and marketing are both fundamental economic activities. Production involves making goods, such as manufacturing a product, and / or performing services, such as providing repair services for those products. In marketing, you must plan and coordinate a great many activities in order to reach customers and compel them to purchase, use and repurchase your product. While it is true for a business to be successful the product must sell, they do not sell themselves, and marketing is just as necessary as production. Marketing insures that the right goods and services are produced. Production and marketing work together to satisfy human needs. This strategy, if successful, will benefit your company. Marketing is an all-encompassing activity. It is something that eventually touches everyone and it dramatically affects peoples' daily lives. No one in America is untouched by some form f marketing. Marketing is important to every consumer. Everyone, at one time will buy or use a product or service. Consumers are actively involved in performing marketing. Their needs drive the marketing responses f many organizations. Consumers also provide marketing information to organizations wishing to serve them better. What is a marketing mix and what are the four P's that form a marketing mix A marketing mix is the combination f marketing actions that make up a marketing program. The marketing mix principles are used by business as tools to assist them in pursuing their objectives. The marketing mix principles are controllable variables, which have to be carefully managed and must meet the needs f the defined target group. The four P's f marketing are: PRODUCT PRICE PLACE PROMOTION Product The product is the heart and soul f any marketing program. If the product is good, the marketing program has a chance for success, but if the product is bad, no marketing program can make the product a winner. Product designing, developing, maintaining, and improving are all important aspect to be considered in your marketing mix. A company must always be on the lookout for new products, redesigning existing products, or killing existing ones. The goal must be to keep the customer seeing your product, as special, and to insure that they are champions for your product. The target customer's needs must be met. Naming the product, labeling and packaging all go into your product development. Life Cycle f a Product All products pass through a life cycle -- from introduction and growth to maturity and decline. All